Structure of Protein. Proteins are polymeric molecules constructed from twenty building blocks called amino acids which are linked together by peptide bonds. Proteins are consequently often referred to as polypeptides. Polypeptide sequences vary in length from tens to hundreds of amino acids. The charge, size, shape and three-dimensional structure of a protein is specified by its amino acid composition and sequence. The three-dimensional structure determines function and biological activity functions of protein have diverse functions, and can be transport molecules (haemoglobin, the oxygen carrier in the blood), receptors for specific molecules on cell surfaces, enzymes (biocatalysts), antibodies, structural proteins (i.e. collagen, elastin), etc.
Protein engineering entails the chemical or genetic alteration of a protein in order to alter its function in a predictable manner and requires the interaction of physicists, chemists, biochemists, molecular biologists, and computer scientists. A complete understanding of the relationship between structure and function is required for precise and effective manipulation. |
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From the educational
point of this site,it will be more interesting to show the idea
of biotechnology that made a great revolution in different fields
of life. As it will explain to the
readers how biotechnology works, and so it will make the rest
of the site clear to them. The
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is common in all organisms, it is
found in the chromosomes inside the nucleus of a cell,
it directs the cell to make the proteins
that are the basis of life.
Throughout the years, researchers have discovered how to transfer
a specific piece of DNA from one organism to another A
researcher's first step in transferring DNA is to "cut" or remove
a gene segment from a chain of DNA using enzyme "scissors" to
cut at a specific site along the DNA strand.
The researcher then uses these "scissors" to cut an opening
into the plasmid — the ring of DNA often found in bacteria outside
of a cell. Next, the researcher
"pastes" or places the gene segment into the plasmid. Because
the cut ends of both the plasmid and the gene segment
are chemically "sticky," they attach to each other, forming a plasmid containing
the new gene. To complete the process, researchers use another enzyme to
paste or secure the new gene in place. |
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Although people tend to think of biotechnology as a new science, its roots are traceable back to over 6,000 years to the time when beer was first fermented. the history of biotechnology begins when primitive human beings became domesticated enough to breed plants and animals, gather and process herbs for medicine, make bread, wine and beer, create many fermented food products including yoghurt, cheese and various soy products and to create vaccines to immunize themselves against diseases and this goes back to between 5000 to 10,000 BC. |
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